Category: Tools

Source: GitHub

Author: unknown

URL: https://github.com/CrowdStrike/VirtualGHOST

ONE SENTENCE SUMMARY: The repository provides a PowerShell script (Detect-VirtualGHOST.ps1) using VMWare PowerCLI to detect unregistered, powered-on VMware VMs (“VirtualGHOSTs”) that evade standard management processes.

MAIN POINTS:

1. VirtualGHOST refers to VMware VMs powered on manually via command line, not registered in inventory.
2. Detect-VirtualGHOST.ps1 script identifies VirtualGHOST VMs by comparing inventory and active VM lists.
3. Script requires “Server” (IP/DNS) and “Credential” parameters for VMware API access.
4. If parameters aren’t provided initially, the script interactively prompts for necessary inputs.
5. Positive detection results list hypervisor, VM name, VM configuration file, and VMWorldID clearly.
6. Script alerts on network connections associated with detected VirtualGHOST VMs, including MAC addresses.
7. Negative results explicitly indicate no unregistered VMs were found on checked hypervisors.
8. VirtualGHOSTs evade standard VMware management tools like vCenter and ESXi web UI.
9. For forensic analysis, SSH into ESXi host and manually copy VM files due to locked resources.
10. VMware logs (vmware*.log) from VM directories are critical resources for further investigation.

TAKEAWAYS:

1. Regularly run Detect-VirtualGHOST.ps1 to proactively identify hidden VMware VMs in your environment.
2. Treat any positive result seriously, even though some false positives from normal lifecycle activities may occur.
3. Always preserve VM files and vmware logs immediately following discovery for forensic analysis.
4. Registration and suspension of a detected VirtualGHOST VM via ESXi web UI facilitates investigative documentation.
5. Engage with community via GitHub issues for script support, as official CrowdStrike support isn’t available.

Source: Varonis Blog

Author: Simon Biggs

URL: https://www.varonis.com/blog/kerberoasting-still-matters

1. ONE SENTENCE SUMMARY: Kerberoasting remains a prevalent and effective attack technique exploiting Windows Kerberos authentication to capture encrypted credentials for lateral movement.

2. MAIN POINTS:

3. Kerberoasting targets Kerberos authentication, extracting encrypted credentials from Active Directory.

4. Attackers require only a valid domain user account to perform Kerberoasting.

5. The technique involves requesting service tickets encrypted with service account password hashes.

6. Password hashes are cracked offline, minimizing detection opportunities.

7. Real-world attacks commonly exploit service accounts with weak or predictable passwords.

8. Service accounts typically have high privileges, making them desirable targets.

9. Kerberoasting is stealthy, produces minimal telemetry, and avoids malware deployment.

10. Effective mitigation involves using Group Managed Service Accounts (gMSA) with complex passwords.

11. Configure service accounts to use AES encryption instead of RC4 to strengthen security.

12. Regular auditing and least-privilege principles help prevent Kerberoasting vulnerabilities.

13. TAKEAWAYS:

14. Prioritize implementing Group Managed Service Accounts (gMSA) for improved password security.

15. Regularly audit Active Directory SPNs and remove unnecessary or risky accounts.

16. Utilize AES encryption for Kerberos tickets to enhance resistance against offline cracking.

17. Continuously monitor and manage service account password policies and privileges.

18. Focus on making lateral movement difficult to detect and mitigate intrusions quickly.

Source: Medium

Author: Giulio Pierantoni

URL: https://medium.com/@offsecdeer/adcs-exploitation-part-3-living-off-the-land-9c6494d6a84e

ONE SENTENCE SUMMARY: The article outlines techniques for exploiting Active Directory Certificate Services (ADCS) using native Windows tools certutil and certreq.

MAIN POINTS:

1. ADCS exploitation can be performed using built-in Windows tools certutil and certreq.
2. Enumeration of enterprise CAs involves commands like certutil -TCAInfo and certutil -dump.
3. Validation of CA certificates and trust hierarchy is critical before exploitation.
4. Certificate templates can be analyzed using certutil -dsTemplate and certutil -Template.
5. ESC1 exploits involve generating a CSR with user-supplied SAN through policy files.
6. ESC2 and ESC3 exploits require Enrollment Agent certificates and EOBO (Enroll-On-Behalf-Of) CSRs.
7. ESC15 vulnerabilities allow injection of custom EKU OIDs into certificates.
8. Golden Certificate creation involves backing up CA private keys using certutil -backupkey.
9. ESC4 exploits involve modifying template attributes temporarily to enable enrollment.
10. Certificates obtained can be leveraged for authentication via CredMarshalCredential and PSSession.

TAKEAWAYS:

1. Native Windows tools offer stealthier methods for ADCS exploitation compared to external tools.
2. Proper enumeration and validation steps are essential for successful exploitation.
3. Understanding template attributes and DACLs helps identify exploitable vulnerabilities.
4. Certificate-based authentication provides powerful lateral movement capabilities in Windows domains.
5. Monitoring and restricting usage of certutil and certreq by regular users improves security posture.

Source: BleepingComputer

Author: Sergiu Gatlan

URL: https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/kali-linux-20252-released-with-13-new-tools-car-hacking-updates/

ONE SENTENCE SUMMARY: Kali Linux 2025.2 features a refreshed UI, expanded car hacking tools, new cybersecurity utilities, and enhanced Kali NetHunter support.

MAIN POINTS:

1. Kali Linux 2025.2 released, adding 13 new cybersecurity tools.
2. Car hacking toolkit renamed “CARsenal” with improved interface.
3. New car hacking tools include hlcand, VIN Info, CaringCaribou, and ICSim.
4. Kali Menu reorganized using MITRE ATT&CK framework for easier tool discovery.
5. GNOME updated to version 48 with performance boosts and digital well-being tools.
6. KDE Plasma 6.3 introduces better fractional scaling and improved CPU monitoring.
7. Evince replaced by Papers app in GNOME for document viewing.
8. Kali NetHunter adds wireless injection support on TicWatch Pro 3 smartwatch.
9. NetHunter now runs Kali NetHunter KeX on Android Auto head units.
10. New and updated NetHunter kernels available for Xiaomi, Realme, and Samsung devices.

TAKEAWAYS:

1. Improved UI and menu structure make tool navigation easier for cybersecurity professionals.
2. CARsenal toolkit offers comprehensive solutions for automotive security testing.
3. GNOME and KDE updates deliver significant user experience and performance enhancements.
4. Expanded Kali NetHunter capabilities broaden mobile and wearable penetration testing opportunities.
5. Upgrading Kali Linux installations streamlined with clear instructions and commands.

Source: How to log and monitor PowerShell activity for suspicious scripts and commands | CSO Online

Author: unknown

URL: https://www.csoonline.com/article/4006326/how-to-log-and-monitor-powershell-activity-for-suspicious-scripts-and-commands.html

ONE SENTENCE SUMMARY:

Attackers exploit consultants’ systems using legitimate tools and remote access methods, highlighting the need for enhanced workstation protection strategies.

MAIN POINTS:

1. Consultants’ computers are attractive targets due to their access across multiple organizations.
2. Recent attack involved installing Alpha Agent and updating Splashtop for remote access.
3. Attackers employed legitimate tools and normal processes, avoiding antivirus detection.
4. Entry point of the initial attack remains unknown.
5. Adjust attack surface reduction rules to prevent common attack techniques.
6. Enable PowerShell script logging via Group Policy or Intune for monitoring.
7. Regularly review logs for suspicious scripts, encoding, and obfuscation techniques.
8. Microsoft Defender for Cloud can detect suspicious PowerShell and script activities.
9. Maintain awareness of authorized remote access tools and restrict unauthorized ones.
10. Monitor consultant workstations closely to detect abnormal activities quickly.

TAKEAWAYS:

1. Tighten security rules to block execution of potentially malicious scripts.
2. Enable detailed PowerShell logging on all critical workstations.
3. Regularly analyze logs for unusual activities or attempts to harvest credentials.
4. Clearly document approved remote access tools and restrict unauthorized installations.
5. Increase monitoring and alerts specifically on consultant machines accessing internal resources.

Source: TrustedSec

Author: James Williams

URL: https://trustedsec.com/blog/hunting-deserialization-vulnerabilities-with-claude

ONE SENTENCE SUMMARY: This post explores using Model Context Protocol (MCP) to identify zero-day vulnerabilities in .NET assemblies through disassembly techniques.

MAIN POINTS:

1. Model Context Protocol (MCP) helps discover zero-day vulnerabilities in .NET assemblies.
2. MCP setup involves preparing Claude for effective .NET assembly disassembly.
3. Zero-day vulnerabilities are previously unknown security flaws in software.
4. Analyzing .NET assemblies can reveal potential zero-day exploits.
5. MCP aids in systematically uncovering security weaknesses in compiled code.
6. Disassembling .NET assemblies provides insight into underlying software vulnerabilities.
7. The MCP-driven approach streamlines vulnerability identification processes.
8. Proper MCP setup ensures accurate and efficient .NET code analysis.
9. Understanding .NET assembly structure is crucial for zero-day discovery.
10. MCP enhances security assessments through comprehensive assembly analysis.

TAKEAWAYS:

1. MCP is valuable for identifying previously unknown vulnerabilities in .NET software.
2. Setting up MCP correctly is essential for effective disassembly and vulnerability detection.
3. Detailed analysis of assemblies enables discovery of hidden security flaws.
4. Familiarity with .NET assembly internals significantly improves zero-day research outcomes.
5. Leveraging MCP streamlines and improves accuracy of security assessments.

Source: BleepingComputer

Author: Sergiu Gatlan

URL: https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/microsoft-outlook-to-block-more-risky-attachments-used-in-attacks/

ONE SENTENCE SUMMARY: Microsoft will block .library-ms and .search-ms attachments in Outlook starting July 2025 to counter phishing and malware threats.

MAIN POINTS:

1. Microsoft expands Outlook’s blocked attachment list to include .library-ms and .search-ms files.
2. The update applies to Outlook Web and the new Outlook for Windows starting July 2025.
3. Attackers previously exploited .library-ms files in phishing campaigns targeting governments and companies.
4. .search-ms protocol handler was exploited since June 2022 for phishing and malware delivery.
5. Most organizations will not be affected due to rarity of these file types’ usage.
6. Organizations relying on these file types must manually adjust allowed file type settings.
7. Microsoft provides documentation to help Exchange Server administrators manage attachment security.
8. Blocking these files is part of Microsoft’s larger strategy to eliminate exploited features.
9. Microsoft previously disabled Office VBA macros, XLM macros, XLL add-ins, and ActiveX controls.
10. VBScript support will also be discontinued by Microsoft starting April 2025.

TAKEAWAYS:

1. Outlook security updates proactively block file types historically exploited by attackers.
2. Organizations should review attachment policies to ensure operational continuity.
3. Microsoft continues to remove legacy features to reduce security risks.
4. Administrators can manually configure allowed file types to accommodate business requirements.
5. Regularly reviewing Microsoft’s security documentation can help organizations stay informed and prepared.

Source: AWS Security Blog

Author: Jeremy Stieglitz

URL: https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/security/how-to-use-on-demand-rotation-for-aws-kms-imported-keys/

1. ONE SENTENCE SUMMARY: AWS KMS now supports on-demand rotation of imported symmetric encryption key material, enabling compliance without changing key identifiers.

2. MAIN POINTS:

3. AWS KMS introduces on-demand rotation for imported symmetric encryption key material (EXTERNAL origin).

4. Previously, rotation required creating new keys and updating references; now identifiers remain constant.

5. Imported keys can hold multiple key materials, rotating to the latest imported material on-demand.

6. Ciphertext includes a key material identifier for automatic selection during decryption.

7. API responses now include KeyMaterialId and CurrentKeyMaterialId for greater rotation transparency.

8. Rotation process involves importing new key material, setting rotation state, and initiating rotation.

9. AWS CLI and SDKs support on-demand key rotation, with new parameters for import-type.

10. Imported keys uniquely offer immediate expiry and deletion capabilities for enhanced control.

11. CloudTrail logging includes key material ID for improved auditability and compliance.

12. Pricing is simplified with a base cost and capped additional rotation charges after two rotations.

13. TAKEAWAYS:

14. Simplifies compliance and security audits through seamless, non-disruptive key rotation.

15. Enhances transparency and auditability with new API response fields and detailed CloudTrail logs.

16. Provides greater flexibility and control with immediate expiry and deletion of imported key material.

17. Reduces operational overhead by maintaining unchanged key identifiers during rotation.

18. Offers predictable costs by capping additional charges beyond the second rotation per month.

Source: Huntress Blog

Author: unknown

URL: https://www.huntress.com/blog/utilizing-asns-for-hunting-and-response

1. ONE SENTENCE SUMMARY: ASN enrichment of IP addresses significantly enhances threat detection and incident response effectiveness beyond basic geolocation data alone.

2. MAIN POINTS:

3. IP addresses are important but limited without enrichment for investigative analysis.

4. Autonomous Systems Numbers (ASNs) identify networks with unified routing policies.

5. ASN enrichment provides context beyond basic geographic IP address data.

6. Knowing an IP’s ASN can distinguish residential ISPs from suspicious hosting providers.

7. ASN data helped identify compromised accounts during remote desktop intrusions.

8. ASN telemetry highlighted malicious authentications in a RADIUS password spray incident.

9. Geolocation alone failed to detect compromise, underscoring ASN enrichment’s value.

10. VPN compromise cases frequently rely on ASN data to confirm malicious behavior.

11. Authentication anomalies identified via ASN enrichment can guide security responses.

12. ASN enrichment supports accurate narrative building and risk-based security recommendations.

13. TAKEAWAYS:

14. Always enrich IP addresses with ASN data during investigations.

15. Do not rely solely on IP geolocation; ASN adds critical context.

16. Analyze authentication patterns alongside ASN data to detect anomalies.

17. Recognize that certain ASNs frequently correlate with malicious activities.

18. Integrate ASN telemetry systematically into threat hunting workflows.

Source: CISA warns of cyberattacks targeting the US oil and gas infrastructure | CSO Online Author: unknown URL: https://www.csoonline.com/article/3979073/how-to-capture-forensic-evidence-for-microsoft-365.html

1. ONE SENTENCE SUMMARY: Enterprise endpoint protection is insufficient without robust cloud security measures, including forensic logging, OAuth protection, and resource allocation.

2. MAIN POINTS:

3. Endpoint protections alone no longer fully secure enterprise environments.

4. Attackers now exploit cloud services and OAuth workflows to gain unauthorized access.

5. Phishing attacks via applications like Signal and WhatsApp target cloud authentication.

6. OAuth tokens provide attackers extensive access to Microsoft 365, AWS, or Google Workspace.

7. Cloud resources often lack sufficient monitoring, logging, and forensic capabilities.

8. Forensic logging in Microsoft 365 requires specific E5 licenses and configurations.

9. Microsoft Purview Insider Risk Management enables capturing forensic evidence from cloud resources.

10. Configuring forensic evidence capturing requires specific roles and administrative steps.

11. Forensic evidence policy settings should include activity types, bandwidth, and offline capturing limits.

12. Cloud forensic investigations may involve vendor dependencies and additional storage budget requirements.

13. TAKEAWAYS:

14. Strengthen cloud security as attackers shift away from traditional endpoint attacks.

15. Prioritize OAuth security to protect sensitive cloud-based resources.

16. Ensure appropriate Microsoft licensing and roles are in place for forensic logging.

17. Clearly define forensic evidence policies, including bandwidth and storage considerations.

18. Plan for cloud forensic investigations, accounting for vendor cooperation and potential delays.

Source: GitHub Author: unknown URL: https://github.com/securitytemplates/sectemplates/tree/main/incident-response/v1

1. ONE SENTENCE SUMMARY: The Incident Response Program Pack 1.5 provides comprehensive resources, templates, and guidelines to build an effective security incident response program.

2. MAIN POINTS:

3. Defines essential incident response terminology, roles, stakeholders, and severity rankings clearly.

4. Offers a detailed checklist for researching, piloting, testing, and launching the response program.

5. Provides a simplified incident response workflow aligning with the provided runbook.

6. Includes a structured incident response runbook to ensure consistent handling of incidents.

7. Presents a working document template designed for comprehensive incident detail capturing.

8. Recommends a structured, blameless postmortem to evaluate incidents and improve future responses.

9. Supplies filled-out examples of working documents and postmortem templates for practical reference.

10. Highlights key metrics useful for effectively measuring the incident response program’s performance.

11. Clarifies advantages of using Sectemplates’ battle-tested materials over general AI-generated content.

12. Suggests NIST 800-61 as a resource for organizations needing a more extensive response framework.

13. TAKEAWAYS:

14. Clearly defining roles and severity levels ensures effective communication during incidents.

15. Using checklists and structured workflows promotes consistency and reliability.

16. Conducting blameless postmortems encourages honest reflection and continuous improvement.

17. Utilizing real-world tested templates reduces confusion and enhances operational effectiveness.

18. Measuring program effectiveness through defined metrics supports continuous improvement efforts.

Source: BleepingComputer Author: Sergiu Gatlan URL: https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/linux/kali-linux-warns-of-update-failures-after-losing-repo-signing-key/

ONE SENTENCE SUMMARY:

Offensive Security advises Kali Linux users to manually install a new repository signing key after losing the previous key.

MAIN POINTS:

1. Offensive Security lost the Kali Linux repository signing key, requiring a replacement key.
2. Users with the old key experience update failures due to key verification errors.
3. The repository was temporarily frozen on February 18th to minimize user impact.
4. OffSec issued a new signing key (ED65462EC8D5E4C5) signed by Kali developers.
5. Users must manually download and install the new key to resolve the issue.
6. The recommended command to fetch the new key is provided clearly by OffSec.
7. Checksums and instructions for verifying the new keyring are available from OffSec.
8. Users uncomfortable updating keys manually can reinstall Kali using updated images.
9. This incident mirrors a similar 2018 event when Kali’s GPG key expired.
10. Regular updating of Kali Linux keyrings is essential to prevent update mismatches.

TAKEAWAYS:

1. Regularly update Kali Linux systems to avoid key mismatches and repository issues.
2. Follow official instructions carefully when manually updating repository signing keys.
3. Verify new repository keys using provided checksums to ensure authenticity.
4. Consider reinstalling Kali Linux from updated images if unsure about manual key updates.
5. Maintain awareness of Kali Linux communications to promptly handle security-related updates.

Source: GitHub Author: unknown URL: https://github.com/SWE-agent/SWE-agent

1. ONE SENTENCE SUMMARY: SWE-agent is an autonomous tool-using framework developed by Princeton and Stanford researchers for automated software engineering and cybersecurity tasks.

2. MAIN POINTS:

3. SWE-agent allows language models like GPT-4o or Claude Sonnet 3.7 autonomous tool use.

4. Utilizes agent-computer interfaces (ACIs) for interacting with isolated computer environments.

5. Developed by researchers from Princeton University and Stanford University.

6. Offers EnIGMA, a mode specialized in offensive cybersecurity capture-the-flag challenges.

7. EnIGMA achieves state-of-the-art results in cybersecurity benchmarks.

8. Includes tools like debugger, server connection, and summarizer for long outputs.

9. Recommended to use SWE-agent version 0.7 during EnIGMA updates for 1.0.

10. Community participation encouraged via Discord, with open contributions through GitHub.

11. Research detailed in academic papers presented at NeurIPS 2024.

12. MIT licensed project, open for academic citation and use.

13. TAKEAWAYS:

14. SWE-agent enhances automated software engineering with autonomous tool use.

15. Specialized EnIGMA mode excels in cybersecurity competitions.

16. Important functionalities like debugging and summarizing improve usability.

17. Active community involvement and contribution are highly encouraged.

18. Proper citation of SWE-agent and EnIGMA is requested for academic use.

Source: Cyber Security News Author: Guru Baran URL: https://cybersecuritynews.com/mitre-launches-new-d3fend-cad-tool/

ONE SENTENCE SUMMARY:

MITRE launched the D3FEND CAD tool, offering structured cybersecurity modeling through semantic knowledge graphs to enhance threat analysis and defense.

MAIN POINTS:

1. MITRE released D3FEND CAD tool as part of comprehensive D3FEND 1.0 ontology release.
2. CAD tool uses structured knowledge graphs rather than traditional unstructured cybersecurity diagrams.
3. D3FEND ontology provides semantically rigorous cybersecurity knowledge representation.
4. Users create cybersecurity scenarios using intuitive drag-and-drop browser interface.
5. Attack nodes link directly to MITRE ATT&CK techniques.
6. Tool includes Countermeasure and Digital Artifact nodes based on D3FEND ontology.
7. “Explode” feature reveals potential attacks, defenses, and artifacts within nodes.
8. Supports threat intelligence, modeling, detection engineering, incident investigation, and risk assessment.
9. Export formats include JSON, TTL, PNG, and STIX 2.1 JSON import capability.
10. Developed collaboratively by MITRE, NSA, and U.S. defense departments.

TAKEAWAYS:

1. Structured knowledge modeling improves cybersecurity threat visualization and analysis.
2. D3FEND CAD enables teams to collaboratively create and share precise cybersecurity scenarios.
3. Standardized vocabulary and ontology facilitate clear communication across cybersecurity roles.
4. Integration with MITRE ATT&CK and STIX enhances threat intelligence capabilities.
5. Adopting structured cybersecurity modeling represents a significant advancement in defense strategy development.

Source: dmarcian Author: John Bowers URL: https://dmarcian.com/spf-record-cleanup-techniques/

1. ONE SENTENCE SUMMARY: dmarcian provides guidance on avoiding SPF over-authentication by safely removing unnecessary or incorrectly placed SPF include statements from organizational domains.

2. MAIN POINTS:

3. Over-authentication occurs when unnecessary email sources remain in SPF records.

4. SPF statements should be regularly reviewed to remove unused email sending sources.

5. Subdomain usage is a best practice for proper SPF alignment and reducing lookup counts.

6. Active Campaign requires subdomains; remove “include:emsd1.com” from organizational SPF.

7. Adobe Marketo needs a subdomain and trusted IP; remove “include:mktomail.com”.

8. AmazonSES requires subdomains; remove “include:amazonses.com” from organizational SPF.

9. Bird (SparkPost) mandates subdomains; remove “_spf.sparkpostmail.com” or “_spf.eu.sparkpostmail.com”.

10. Cvent cannot achieve SPF alignment; rely on DKIM instead and remove “include:cvent-planner.com”.

11. Salesforce Marketing Cloud needs Sender Authentication Package; remove “include:cust-spf.exacttarget.com”.

12. SendGrid usually requires subdomains; remove “include:sendgrid.net” from organizational SPF.

13. TAKEAWAYS:

14. Regularly audit SPF records to maintain accuracy and avoid over-authentication.

15. Use subdomains consistently for SPF alignment to improve email deliverability.

16. Remove outdated or unnecessary SPF include statements from organizational domains.

17. Confirm no aligned email volume before removing SPF includes using SPF Surveyor.

18. Rely on DKIM when SPF alignment is not achievable (e.g., Cvent).

Source: GitHub Author: unknown URL: https://github.com/PentestPlaybook/ad-lab-scripts

1. ONE SENTENCE SUMMARY: This repository offers automation scripts to quickly build an intentionally vulnerable Active Directory lab environment for penetration testing practice.

2. MAIN POINTS:

3. Repository contains scripts for quickly setting up an Active Directory testing environment.

4. Each script corresponds to a specific virtual machine like Domain Controller or workstation.

5. Users can selectively deploy machines individually or create complex network scenarios.

6. Scripts perform roles installation, user creation, and set intentional vulnerabilities.

7. Environment supports practicing lateral movement and privilege escalation attacks.

8. Requires placing Windows ISO files in the repository directory before running scripts.

9. Lab environment is intentionally insecure and only intended for local testing use.

10. Common setup issues include missing ISO files, insufficient resources, or antivirus interference.

11. Scripts primarily tested with VMware but can be adapted for other hypervisors.

12. Contributions such as new scripts or improvements are welcomed through GitHub pull requests.

13. TAKEAWAYS:

14. Quickly build a realistic, vulnerable Active Directory lab for penetration testing.

15. Customize your environment by choosing specific machines and deployment order.

16. Safely practice common AD attacks like lateral movement and privilege escalation.

17. Ensure ISO files and system resources are prepared to prevent setup issues.

18. Engage with the community by contributing improvements or additional scripts.

Source: Black Hills Information Security, Inc. Author: BHIS URL: https://www.blackhillsinfosec.com/offline-memory-forensics-with-volatility/

1. ONE SENTENCE SUMMARY: Using memory forensics with Volatility on ESXi snapshots enables stealthy credential extraction and domain escalation during engagements.

2. MAIN POINTS:

3. Ben Bowman is a Security Analyst focused on research and tool development at Black Hills Information Security.

4. Attackers often aim to escalate quickly, but memory forensics offers options when typical paths are blocked.

5. Volatility can extract SAM hashes from a VM memory snapshot, aiding privilege escalation.

6. ESXi access allows attackers to take VM snapshots and analyze memory offline.

7. A cracked IPMI hash can lead to ESXi login and access to hosted virtual machines.

8. Instead of noisy probing, attackers can extract credentials from a Windows VM snapshot.

9. Snapshots must include memory to enable effective analysis with Volatility.

10. Volatility3 setup involves cloning the repository and installing dependencies in a Python virtual environment.

11. SAM hashes are extracted using the windows.hashdump.Hashdump plugin on the vmem file.

12. Extracted hashes can be used with netexec to obtain domain account credentials via LSA dumping.

13. TAKEAWAYS:

14. Memory forensics offers stealthy alternatives when traditional privilege escalation fails.

15. Volatility is a powerful tool for extracting sensitive credentials from VM memory.

16. ESXi environments can be exploited by leveraging VM snapshots for offline analysis.

17. Proper snapshot configuration is critical—ensure memory is included.

18. Defending against memory analysis is challenging, making it a valuable technique for red teamers.

Source: CyberScoop Author: djohnson URL: https://cyberscoop.com/google-sec-gemini-experimental-ai-cybersecurity-assistant/

1. ONE SENTENCE SUMMARY: Google’s new AI model, Sec Gemini, aims to assist cybersecurity professionals by automating data-heavy tasks and improving threat analysis.

2. MAIN POINTS:

3. Google launched Sec Gemini V1 as an experimental AI assistant for cybersecurity professionals.

4. The model automates tedious data tasks to improve cybersecurity workflows and efficiency.

5. Sec Gemini uses Google data sources like Mandiant intelligence and open-source vulnerability databases.

6. It outperforms rival models in threat intelligence understanding and vulnerability root-cause mapping.

7. Security researchers are invited to test and identify practical use cases for Sec Gemini.

8. The model updates in near real-time using the latest threat intelligence and vulnerability data.

9. A 2024 meta-study shows LLMs are already widely used for tasks like malware and phishing detection.

10. Google will refine Sec Gemini based on feedback from initial non-commercial academic and NGO testers.

11. Experts warn AI tools should enhance, not replace, human cybersecurity teams.

12. Google mitigates hallucinations by training Sec Gemini on curated, high-quality threat intelligence data.

13. TAKEAWAYS:

14. Sec Gemini aims to reduce manual workload for cybersecurity analysts through AI-driven data analysis.

15. Early testing access is limited to select organizations for real-world feedback and refinement.

16. Real-time data ingestion makes Sec Gemini potentially valuable during active incident response.

17. Combining AI with human expertise is key to maximizing cybersecurity effectiveness.

18. Google’s curated data approach helps minimize AI hallucinations, enhancing model reliability.

Source: GitHub Author: unknown URL: https://github.com/FogSecurity/yes3-scanner

1. ONE SENTENCE SUMMARY: YES3 is a Python-based tool that scans AWS accounts for S3 bucket misconfigurations, focusing on access, security, and ransomware protection.

2. MAIN POINTS:

3. YES3 scans AWS S3 buckets for access, encryption, and security misconfigurations.

4. Detects public access via ACLs, policies, and website settings.

5. Checks for preventative settings like Public Access Block and disabled ACLs.

6. Identifies additional security configurations like encryption and server access logging.

7. Evaluates ransomware protection through Object Lock and versioning.

8. Outputs detailed reports of potential issues per bucket.

9. Requires Python 3, boto3, and proper AWS IAM permissions to run.

10. Scans globally with region input for quota checks via Boto3 client.

11. Offers a private beta for multi-account and object-level scanning.

12. Installation is via pip and requirements.txt; virtual environments are supported.

13. TAKEAWAYS:

14. YES3 helps secure S3 by identifying misconfigurations and potential vulnerabilities.

15. Reports include granular bucket-level security details for actionable insights.

16. Public access detection spans multiple configurations including ACLs and policies.

17. Additional features like Object Lock and lifecycle policies enhance ransomware protection.

18. The tool is actively developed, with expanded functionality planned for future releases.

Source: Help Net Security Author: Mirko Zorz URL: https://www.helpnetsecurity.com/2025/04/02/bluetoolkit-open-source-bluetooth-classic-vulnerability-testing-framework/

1. ONE SENTENCE SUMMARY: BlueToolkit is a free, open-source Bluetooth Classic vulnerability scanner that uses 43 exploits to detect security flaws in devices.

2. MAIN POINTS:

3. BlueToolkit is an open-source tool for identifying Bluetooth Classic device vulnerabilities.

4. It uses a collection of 43 exploits, both public and custom-built for the toolkit.

5. The tool enables reuse of proof-of-concepts (PoCs) and integrates with hardware easily.

6. Operates as a black-box scanner, requiring no internal access to the target device.

7. Can also function in a gray-box mode to reduce false positives using Bluetooth log access.

8. Users can create custom checks, templates, and hardware configurations via a templating guide.

9. BlueToolkit auto-downloads available exploit and hardware templates for ease of use.

10. Researchers used it to discover 64 vulnerabilities across 22 different car models.

11. Compatible with various hardware setups and requires minimal configuration.

12. Freely available on GitHub, promoting community use and contribution.

13. TAKEAWAYS:

14. BlueToolkit fills a gap by providing the first Bluetooth Classic vulnerability scanner.

15. Its dual black-box and gray-box modes offer flexible testing capabilities.

16. Users can expand functionality through custom templates and hardware support.

17. The toolkit has already proven effective in real-world automotive security testing.

18. Open-source availability encourages ongoing development and collaborative security research.

Source: GitLab Author: unknown URL: https://gitlab.com/lapt0r/how-to-measure-anything-in-cybersecurity-risk-with-julia

1. ONE SENTENCE SUMMARY: “How to Measure Anything in Cybersecurity Risk with Julia” explores quantitative methods to assess cybersecurity risks using Julia programming.

2. MAIN POINTS:

3. Demonstrates applying quantitative risk analysis to cybersecurity using the Julia programming language.

4. Emphasizes that anything in cybersecurity risk can be measured, even with uncertainty.

5. Advocates for replacing qualitative risk scores with data-driven, probabilistic models.

6. Introduces Monte Carlo simulations to estimate risk distributions and outcomes.

7. Uses Julia for its speed, flexibility, and suitability for numerical computing.

8. Encourages starting with available data, no matter how incomplete, to begin measuring risk.

9. Explains how to build simple models that can evolve with better data over time.

10. Highlights the value of Expected Value of Information (EVI) in prioritizing measurements.

11. Provides examples and Julia code snippets to model various cybersecurity scenarios.

12. Suggests integrating measurement models into decision-making processes for better security investments.

13. TAKEAWAYS:

14. Cybersecurity risk can and should be measured quantitatively, not just qualitatively.

15. Julia is a powerful tool for building fast, flexible cybersecurity risk models.

16. Even uncertain or incomplete data can provide valuable insight when modeled correctly.

17. Monte Carlo simulations are effective for forecasting risk scenarios and outcomes.

18. Prioritizing what to measure using EVI enhances decision-making and resource allocation.

Source: GitHub Author: unknown URL: https://github.com/acquiredsecurity/forensic-timeliner

1. ONE SENTENCE SUMMARY: Forensic Timeliner is a PowerShell tool that consolidates and formats forensic data into a sortable, analyzable master timeline.

2. MAIN POINTS:

3. Aggregates data from Chainsaw, KAPE/EZTools, and WebHistoryView into a unified timeline.

4. Normalizes artifact data fields for consistent formatting across different sources.

5. Supports output in CSV, JSON, and XLSX formats with optional color-coded Excel macro.

6. Offers interactive and batch modes for ease of use and scalability.

7. Filters MFT and event logs using customizable criteria to prioritize relevant data.

8. Deduplicates timeline entries and supports filtering by date range.

9. Categorizes web activity into search, download, file access, and general browsing.

10. Uses StreamReader to handle large datasets efficiently by processing in 10,000-line batches.

11. Exports include detailed metadata like file size, SHA1, user, computer, and command line.

12. Fully customizable via parameters or script modification for tailored forensic workflows.

13. TAKEAWAYS:

14. Simplifies forensic triage by unifying outputs from multiple tools into a single timeline.

15. Highly customizable filtering and mapping improve data relevance and clarity.

16. Interactive mode enables quick setup for new investigations.

17. Supports large-scale processing with batch mode and efficient file reading.

18. Designed specifically for forensic analysts leveraging the SANS KAPE standard.

Source: GitHub Author: unknown URL: https://github.com/thinkst/defending-off-the-land

1. ONE SENTENCE SUMMARY: The GitHub repository “thinkst/defending-off-the-land” focuses on defensive cybersecurity tactics using built-in system tools and minimal third-party software.

2. MAIN POINTS:

3. The repository emphasizes cyber defense using native operating system tools.

4. It promotes minimizing reliance on third-party software for security.

5. Techniques focus on practical, real-world defensive strategies.

6. Content is tailored for defenders working within constrained environments.

7. Encourages leveraging existing system capabilities for threat detection.

8. Supports incident response using available infrastructure.

9. Aims to increase defenders’ understanding of OS-level tools.

10. Repository designed for blue team practitioners and security professionals.

11. Offers examples and code snippets for implementation.

12. Advocates for proactive defense through system-native capabilities.

13. TAKEAWAYS:

14. Built-in tools can be powerful assets in cybersecurity defense.

15. Reducing third-party dependencies enhances system integrity.

16. Real-world applicability makes these techniques valuable for practitioners.

17. Understanding OS internals strengthens defensive capabilities.

18. The approach is resource-efficient and effective in constrained environments.

Source: GitHub Author: unknown URL: https://github.com/MHaggis/PowerShell-Hunter/tree/main/UserAssist

1. ONE SENTENCE SUMMARY: The UserAssist Registry Analyzer is a forensic PowerShell tool that extracts and decodes Windows UserAssist registry data to reveal user activity.

2. MAIN POINTS:

3. UserAssist keys track application execution, usage frequency, and timestamps for digital forensic investigations.

4. Located in the registry under HKEY_CURRENT_USER with specific GUIDs for different execution types.

5. Entries use ROT13 encoding and contain binary data like session ID, run count, and focus time.

6. Compatible with Windows 7 through 11, automatically handling version-specific structure differences.

7. No installation required; script runs with PowerShell 5.1+ and administrator privileges.

8. Outputs data in JSON, CSV, and HTML formats for flexibility in analysis and reporting.

9. Extracted data includes decoded application names, run frequency, and last execution timestamps.

10. Useful for reconstructing user timelines, detecting unusual behavior, and identifying anti-forensics attempts.

11. Integrates with other forensic tools like Prefetch, Event Logs, Jump Lists, and BAM/DAM data.

12. Part of the PowerShell-Hunter project, designed for defenders conducting Windows forensic analysis.

13. TAKEAWAYS:

14. UserAssist keys are crucial for proving and analyzing program execution on Windows systems.

15. The analyzer simplifies decoding ROT13-obfuscated registry entries into readable user activity data.

16. Data export options make it easy to visualize and correlate findings with other forensic artifacts.

17. Effective in uncovering tampering, hidden activity, or suspicious application usage.

18. Streamlines incident response and forensic workflows by automating registry data extraction and analysis.

Source: www.powershellgallery.com Author: unknown URL: https://www.powershellgallery.com/packages/M365Documentation/3.3.1

ONE SENTENCE SUMMARY:

Instructions are provided for installing the M365Documentation package version 3.3.1 using various PowerShell methods and deployment options.

MAIN POINTS:

1. Use Install-Module to install M365Documentation version 3.3.1 via PowerShellGet.
2. Use Install-PSResource to install the same package using PSResourceGet.
3. The package version specified for all methods is 3.3.1.
4. PowerShellGet and PSResourceGet are different tools for managing PowerShell modules.
5. Deployment to Azure Automation is supported and includes all dependencies.
6. Users are informed that dependencies will be included in Azure Automation deployment.
7. There’s an option to manually download the .nupkg file.
8. Manual downloads do not unpack the file or include dependencies.
9. Instructions link to more information for each installation method.
10. The package can be used in both local and cloud-based PowerShell environments.

TAKEAWAYS:

1. Multiple installation methods are available for M365Documentation 3.3.1.
2. Azure Automation deployment ensures dependency management.
3. Manual downloads are less convenient due to missing dependencies.
4. PSResourceGet is an alternative to PowerShellGet for installing modules.
5. Clear version control is maintained by specifying the required package version.